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Ze Soviet Army Will Rise Again

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1918–1946 Russian and so Soviet army and air strength

Workers' and Peasants' Scarlet Regular army
Soviet Red Army Hammer and Sickle.svg
Agile 28 January 1918 – 25 February 1946 (1918-01-28 – 1946-02-25)
Country
  • Russian SFSR (1918–1922)
  • Soviet Matrimony (1922–1946)
Fidelity All-Wedlock Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Type Regular army
Part Land warfare
Size 6,437,755 total that served in the Russian Ceremonious War
34,476,700 total that served in World War II
Engagements
  • Earth State of war I
  • Russian Civil State of war
  • Polish–Soviet War
  • Soviet intervention in Mongolia
  • Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
  • Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
  • Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
  • Soviet invasion of Poland
  • World War 2
    • Wintertime War
    • Eastern Forepart of Earth War II
    • Soviet–Japanese War
  • Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies
Commanders
Chief of the General Staff Run into list

Armed forces unit of measurement

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army,[a] often shortened to the Red Army,[b] was the regular army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afterwards 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The regular army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations (especially the various groups collectively known as the White Army) of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Ground forces, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the primary component of the Soviet Military machine; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.

The Blood-red Ground forces provided the largest land strength in the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War Ii, and its invasion of Manchuria assisted the unconditional give up of Imperial Japan. During operations on the Eastern Front, information technology accounted for 75–80% of casualties the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS suffered during the state of war and ultimately captured the Nazi German capital, Berlin.[1]

Origins [edit]

In September 1917, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "There is only one style to foreclose the restoration of the law, and that is to create a people's militia and to fuse it with the army (the standing army to be replaced by the arming of the entire people)."[two] At the time, the Imperial Russian Army had started to collapse. Approximately 23% (well-nigh 19 1000000) of the male population of the Russian Empire were mobilized; however, nigh of them were non equipped with any weapons and had support roles such as maintaining the lines of communication and the base areas. The Tsarist full general Nikolay Dukhonin estimated that there had been two meg deserters, 1.eight one thousand thousand expressionless, 5 million wounded and 2 meg prisoners. He estimated the remaining troops equally numbering ten 1000000.[three]

While the Imperial Russian Army was being taken apart, "it became apparent that the rag-tag Red Baby-sit units and elements of the royal ground forces who had gone over the side of the Bolsheviks were quite inadequate to the task of defending the new government against external foes." Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918.[c] They envisioned a torso "formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes." All citizens of the Russian commonwealth aged eighteen or older were eligible. Its role beingness the defense "of the Soviet potency, the creation of a footing for the transformation of the standing army into a force deriving its strength from a nation in artillery, and, furthermore, the creation of a basis for the back up of the coming Socialist Revolution in Europe." Enlistment was provisional upon "guarantees being given by a military or ceremonious commission performance within the territory of the Soviet Ability, or by party or trade union committees or, in extreme cases, by two persons belonging to one of the to a higher place organizations." In the event of an entire unit of measurement wanting to join the Red Army, a "collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would exist necessary."[4] [5] Considering the Ruby Regular army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm piece of work.[6] Some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army; men, forth with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away they would collect scrap metal and ready intendance-packages. In some cases the money they earned would get towards tanks for the Army.[vii]

The Council of People'due south Commissars appointed itself the supreme head of the Crimson Regular army, delegating command and administration of the regular army to the Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Special All-Russian Higher within this commissariat.[4] Nikolai Krylenko was the supreme commander-in-chief, with Aleksandr Myasnikyan as deputy.[8] Nikolai Podvoisky became the commissar for war, Pavel Dybenko, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were besides specified as people's commissars likewise as Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich from the Agency of Commissars. At a joint coming together of Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, held on 22 Feb 1918, Krylenko remarked: "We have no regular army. The demoralized soldiers are fleeing, panic-stricken, as soon every bit they encounter a German helmet appear on the horizon, abandoning their artillery, convoys and all war cloth to the triumphantly advancing enemy. The Cherry Baby-sit units are brushed aside like flies. We take no power to stay the enemy; only an firsthand signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction."[4]

History [edit]

Russian Civil War [edit]

Hammer and plough cockade used past the Red Army from 1918 to 1922, when it was replaced by the hammer and sickle.[9]

The Russian Civil State of war (1917–1923) occurred in three periods:

  1. Oct 1917 – November 1918: From the Bolshevik Revolution to the Beginning World State of war Armistice, developed from the Bolshevik government'southward nationalization of traditional Cossack lands in November 1917.[ citation needed ] This provoked the insurrection of General Alexey Maximovich Kaledin's Volunteer Army in the River Don region. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) aggravated Russian internal politics. The overall state of affairs encouraged straight Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, in which twelve foreign countries supported anti-Bolshevik militias. A series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the Czechoslovak Legion, the Shine 5th Rifle Division, and the pro-Bolshevik Ruby Latvian Riflemen.
  2. January 1919 – Nov 1919: Initially the White armies advanced successfully: from the due south, under General Anton Denikin; from the eastward, under Admiral Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak; and from the northwest, under General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich. The Whites defeated the Red Regular army on each front. Leon Trotsky reformed and counterattacked: the Cherry Army repelled Admiral Kolchak's army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and Full general Yudenich in October.[10] By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted. In January 1920 Budenny'south First Cavalry Regular army entered Rostov-on-Don.
  3. 1919 to 1923: Some peripheral battles continued for 2 more than years, and remnants of the White forces continued in the Far East into 1923.

At the first of the ceremonious war, the Reddish Ground forces consisted of 299 infantry regiments.[eleven] The ceremonious war intensified after Lenin dissolved the Russian Constituent Associates (5–6 January 1918) and the Soviet government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), removing Russia from the Bang-up War. Gratis from international state of war, the Red Army confronted an internecine war against a variety of opposing anti-Bolshevik forces, including the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, the "Black Army" led by Nestor Makhno, the anti-White and anti-Scarlet Green armies, efforts to restore the defeated Provisional Government, monarchists, simply mainly the White Motility of several different anti-socialist armed forces confederations. "Ruby-red Regular army Day", 23 February 1918, has a 2-fold historical significance: it was the first mean solar day of drafting recruits (in Petrograd and Moscow), and the kickoff twenty-four hours of combat against the occupying Royal German Regular army.[12] [d]

The Ruby Army also fought against national independence movements in the territory of the former Russian Empire, including three military campaigns against the army of the Ukrainian People'south Republic, in January–February 1918, Jan–February 1919, and May–October 1920.

In June 1918, Trotsky abolished workers' control over the Red Army, replacing the election of officers with traditional army hierarchies and criminalizing dissent with the death penalty. Simultaneously, Trotsky carried out a mass recruitment of officers from the old Imperial Russian Army, who were employed every bit armed services specialists (voenspetsy, ru:Военный советник).[13] [14] Lev Glezarov'due south special commission recruited and screened them.[ commendation needed ] The Bolsheviks occasionally enforced the loyalty of such recruits by belongings their families as hostages.[fifteen] [ page needed ] Every bit a result of this initiative, in 1918 75% of the officers were former tsarists.[15] [ page needed ] Past mid-August 1920 the Blood-red Regular army's former Tsarist personnel included 48,000 officers, x,300 administrators, and 214,000 NCOs.[16] When the civil war concluded in 1922, ex-Tsarists constituted 83% of the Red Army's divisional and corps commanders.[fifteen] [13]

On 6 September 1918 the Bolshevik militias consolidated under the supreme control of the Revolutionary Military machine Council of the Republic (Russian: Революционный Военный Совет, romanized: Revolyutsionny Voyenny Sovyet (Revvoyensoviet) ). The get-go chairman was Leon Trotsky, and the showtime commander-in-chief was Jukums Vācietis from the Latvian Riflemen; in July 1919 he was replaced by Sergey Kamenev. Soon afterwards Trotsky established the GRU (armed services intelligence) to provide political and war machine intelligence to Blood-red Army commanders.[17] Trotsky founded the Red Regular army with an initial Red Guard organization and a core soldiery of Red Guard militiamen and Chekist secret police force.[18] Conscription began in June 1918,[19] and opposition to it was violently suppressed.[xx] [ page needed ] To control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Carmine Army soldiery, the Cheka operated special punitive brigades which suppressed anti-communists, deserters, and "enemies of the state".[17] [21]

The Blood-red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the Dungan Magaza Masanchi.[22] The Red Army too co-operated with armed Bolshevik Political party-oriented volunteer units, the Части особого назначения – ЧОН (special chore units – chasti osobogo naznacheniya – or ChON) from 1919 to 1925.[23]

The slogan "exhortation, organization, and reprisals" expressed the discipline and motivation which helped ensure the Blood-red Army's tactical and strategic success. On campaign, the attached Cheka Special Castigating Brigades conducted summary field courts-martial and executions of deserters and slackers.[21] [24] Under Commissar Yan Karlovich Berzin the Special Punitive Brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters to compel their surrender; i in ten of those returning was executed. The same tactic likewise suppressed peasant rebellions in areas controlled by the Reddish Army, the biggest of these being the Tambov Rebellion.[25] The Soviets enforced the loyalty of the various political, ethnic, and national groups in the Red Army through political commissars attached at the brigade and regimental levels. The commissars as well had the task of spying on commanders for political incorrectness.[26] Political commissars whose Chekist detachments retreated or bankrupt in the face of the enemy earned the expiry penalisation.[ commendation needed ] In August 1918, Trotsky authorized General Mikhail Tukhachevsky to place blocking units behind politically unreliable Crimson Regular army units, to shoot anyone who retreated without permission.[27] In 1942, during the Peachy Patriotic War (1941–1945) Joseph Stalin reintroduced the blocking policy and penal battalions with Order 227.

The Red Army controlled past the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic invaded and annexed non-Russian lands helping to create the Soviet Union.[28]

Smooth–Soviet War and prelude [edit]

The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19 occurred at the same time every bit the full general Soviet motion into the areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons. This merged into the 1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War, in which the Blood-red Army reached primal Poland in 1920, but then suffered a defeat there, which put an stop to the war. During the Smooth Campaign the Carmine Army numbered some 6.5 1000000 men, many of whom the Ground forces had difficulty supporting, around 581,000 in the two operational fronts, western and southwestern. Effectually two.5 meg men and women were mobilized in the interior as role of reserve armies.[29]

Reorganization [edit]

The 11 Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RCP (b)) adopted a resolution on the strengthening of the Scarlet Army. It decided to institute strictly organized armed forces, educational and economic conditions in the army. Nevertheless, information technology was recognized that an army of 1,600,000 would exist burdensome. By the end of 1922, later the Congress, the Party Central Committee decided to reduce the Ruddy Ground forces to 800,000. This reduction necessitated the reorganization of the Cherry Regular army's structure. The supreme war machine unit became corps of 2 or three divisions. Divisions consisted of three regiments. Brigades as independent units were abolished. The germination of departments' rifle corps began.

Doctrinal development in the 1920s and 1930s [edit]

After four years of warfare, the Red Army'south defeat of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel in the s[30] in 1920[31] allowed the foundation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1922. Historian John Erickson sees 1 February 1924, when Mikhail Frunze became head of the Red Ground forces staff, equally marking the rising of the general staff, which came to dominate Soviet military machine planning and operations. By 1 Oct 1924 the Cherry-red Ground forces's strength had diminished to 530,000.[32] The list of Soviet Union divisions 1917–1945 details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, Soviet military theoreticians – led past Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky – developed the deep-operations doctrine,[33] a direct effect of their experiences in the Polish-Soviet State of war and in the Russian Civil State of war. To achieve victory, deep operations envisage simultaneous corps- and army-size unit maneuvers of simultaneous parallel attacks throughout the depth of the enemy'southward ground forces, inducing catastrophic defensive failure. The deep-battle doctrine relies upon aviation and armor advances with the expectation that maneuver warfare offers quick, efficient, and decisive victory. Marshal Tukhachevsky said that aerial warfare must be "employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, artillery, and other arms. For maximum tactical effect shipping should be employed en masse, concentrated in time and space, against targets of the highest tactical importance."[34]

Blood-red Army deep operations found their commencement formal expression in the 1929 Field Regulations, and became codified in the 1936 Conditional Field Regulations (PU-36). The Great Purge of 1937–1939 and the Purge of 1940–1942 removed many leading officers from the Red Regular army, including Tukhachevsky himself and many of his followers, and the doctrine was abandoned. Thus at the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (major border clashes with the Imperial Japanese Regular army), the doctrine was not used. Only in the Second Earth War did deep operations come up into play.

Chinese–Soviet conflicts [edit]

The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the Commonwealth of China during the Sino-Soviet conflict (1929), the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang (1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the Xinjiang rebellion (1937). The Ruby Army achieved its objectives; it maintained constructive command over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, and successfully installed a pro-Soviet government in Xinjiang.[35]

Wintertime War with Finland [edit]

Red Army soldiers brandish a captured Finnish imprint, March 1940

The Wintertime War (Finnish: talvisota, Swedish: vinterkriget, Russian: Зи́мняя война́)[eastward] was a war betwixt the Soviet Union and Republic of finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939—three months after the commencement of Globe War Two and the Soviet invasion of Poland, and concluded on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty. The League of Nations accounted the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.[40]

The Soviet forces led by Semyon Timoshenko had three times as many soldiers every bit the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times equally many tanks. The Cherry-red Army, however, had been hindered by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin'south Slap-up Purge of 1937, reducing the army's morale and efficiency soon before the outbreak of the fighting.[41] With over 30,000 of its regular army officers executed or imprisoned, virtually of whom were from the highest ranks, the Red Ground forces in 1939 had many inexperienced senior officers.[42] [43] : 56 Because of these factors, and high commitment and morale in the Finnish forces, Republic of finland was able to resist the Soviet invasion for much longer than the Soviets expected. Finnish forces inflicted stunning losses on the Ruby Army for the first 3 months of the war while suffering very few losses themselves.[43] : 79–fourscore

Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. Finland ceded ix% of its pre-war territory and 30% of its economic avails to the Soviet Union.[44] : xviii Soviet losses on the front were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered.[44] : 272–273 The Soviet forces did not accomplish their objective of the total conquest of Republic of finland but did receive territory in Karelia, Petsamo, and Salla. The Finns retained their sovereignty and improved their international reputation, which bolstered their morale in the Continuation State of war.

Second World War ("The Bully Patriotic War") [edit]

In accordance with the Soviet-Nazi Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 Baronial 1939, the Red Army invaded Poland on 17 September 1939, after the Nazi invasion on ane September 1939. On xxx November the Blood-red Army also attacked Republic of finland, in the Winter State of war of 1939–1940. By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, Nazi Germany shared an extensive border with USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their not-aggression pact and trade agreements. Another consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, carried out past the Southern Forepart in June–July 1940 and Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940). These conquests also added to the border the Soviet Union shared with Nazi-controlled areas. For Adolf Hitler, the circumstance was no dilemma, because[45] the Drang nach Osten ("Drive towards the Due east") policy secretly remained in force, culminating on xviii December 1940 with Directive No. 21, Performance Barbarossa, approved on 3 Feb 1941, and scheduled for mid-May 1941.

When Germany invaded the Soviet Marriage in June 1941, in Performance Barbarossa, the Crimson Regular army's footing forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades (5.5 one thousand thousand soldiers) including 166 divisions and brigades (two.6 million) garrisoned in the western military districts.[46] [47] The Axis forces deployed on the Eastern Forepart consisted of 181 divisions and 18 brigades (3 million soldiers). Three Fronts, the Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern conducted the defense of the western borders of the USSR. In the kickoff weeks of the Great Patriotic War, the Wehrmacht defeated many Red Army units. The Red Army lost millions of men as prisoners and lost much of its pre-war matériel. Stalin increased mobilization, and by ane August 1941, despite 46 divisions lost in combat, the Red Army's force was 401 divisions.[48]

The Soviet forces were apparently unprepared despite numerous warnings from a variety of sources.[49] They suffered much damage in the field considering of mediocre officers, fractional mobilization, and an incomplete reorganization.[50] The hasty pre-war forces expansion and the over-promotion of inexperienced officers (owing to the purging of experienced officers) favored the Wehrmacht in combat.[51] [ folio needed ] The Centrality'south numeric superiority rendered the combatants' divisional forcefulness approximately equal.[f] A generation of Soviet commanders (notably Georgy Zhukov) learned from the defeats,[53] and Soviet victories in the Battle of Moscow, at Stalingrad, Kursk and later in Performance Bagration proved decisive.

In 1941, the Soviet regime raised the bloodied Red Army's esprit de corps with propaganda stressing the defense of Motherland and nation, employing celebrated exemplars of Russian courage and bravery against foreign aggressors. The anti-Nazi Bang-up Patriotic War was conflated with the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon, and historical Russian military heroes, such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov, appeared. Repression of the Russian Orthodox Church temporarily ceased, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle.

To encourage the initiative of Blood-red Ground forces commanders, the CPSU temporarily abolished political commissars, reintroduced formal military ranks and decorations, and introduced the Guards unit concept. Exceptionally heroic or high-performing units earned the Guards championship (for instance 1st Guards Special Rifle Corps, 6th Guards Tank Army),[54] an elite designation cogent superior training, materiel, and pay. Punishment also was used; slackers, malingerers, those avoiding combat with cocky-inflicted wounds[55] cowards, thieves, and deserters were disciplined with beatings, demotions, undesirable/dangerous duties, and summary execution by NKVD punitive detachments.

At the same fourth dimension, the osobist (NKVD military counter-intelligence officers) became a cardinal Red Army effigy with the ability to condemn to decease and to spare the life of any soldier and (almost any) officeholder of the unit to which he was fastened. In 1942, Stalin established the penal battalions equanimous of gulag inmates, Soviet PoWs, disgraced soldiers, and deserters, for hazardous front-line duty as tramplers clearing Nazi minefields, et cetera.[56] [57] Given the dangers, the maximum sentence was three months. Also, the Soviet handling of Reddish Army personnel captured by the Wehrmacht was especially harsh. Per a 1941 Stalin directive, Red Army officers and soldiers were to "fight to the concluding" rather than surrender; Stalin stated: "In that location are no Soviet prisoners of war, but traitors".[58] During and afterward World State of war II freed POWs went to special "filtration camps". Of these, by 1944, more than than 90% were cleared, and well-nigh eight% were arrested or condemned to serve in penal battalions. In 1944, they were sent direct to reserve military formations to be cleared by the NKVD. Further, in 1945, almost 100 filtration camps were set for repatriated POWs, and other displaced persons, which candy more than 4,000,000 people. By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of POWs were freed, v% of civilians, and 43% of POWs were re-drafted, x% of civilians and 22% of POWs were sent to labor battalions, and 2% of civilians and 15% of the POWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 full) were transferred to the Gulag.[58] [59]

Ruby-red Ground forces victory banner, raised higher up the German Reichstag in May 1945

During the Great Patriotic War, the Crimson Army conscripted 29,574,900 men in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the state of war. Of this total of 34,401,807 it lost 6,329,600 killed in action (KIA), 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 missing in action (MIA) (nigh captured). Of these eleven,444,000, however, 939,700 rejoined the ranks in the subsequently liberated Soviet territory, and a farther ane,836,000 returned from German language captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400.[threescore] [61] This is the official total dead, only other estimates give the number of total expressionless up to almost 11 million men, including 7.7 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 1000000 Pow dead (out of 5.two million total POWs), plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses.[62] The majority of the losses, excluding POWs, were ethnic Russians (5,756,000), followed by ethnic Ukrainians (1,377,400).[threescore] Notwithstanding, equally many as 8 million of the 34 million mobilized were non-Slavic minority soldiers, and around 45 divisions formed from national minorities served from 1941 to 1943.[63]

The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA within the 1937 borders plus 900,000 ethnic Germans and Austrians outside the 1937 border (included in these numbers are men listed equally missing in action or unaccounted for later the war)[64] [ page needed ] and 3,576,300 men reported captured (total viii,081,100); the losses of the High german satellites on the Eastern Front approximated 668,163 KIA/MIA and 799,982 captured (total 1,468,145). Of these 9,549,245, the Soviets released 3,572,600 from captivity afterward the war, thus the thou total of the Axis losses came to an estimated 5,976,645.[64] [ page needed ] Regarding prisoners of war, both sides captured large numbers and had many dice in captivity – one recent British[65] figure says 3.vi of 6 million Soviet POWs died in German camps, while 300,000 of 3 1000000 German POWs died in Soviet easily.[66]

Shortcomings [edit]

In 1941 the rapid progress of the initial German air and land attacks into the Soviet Spousal relationship made Red Regular army logistical support difficult because many depots (and most of the USSR's industrial manufacturing base) lay in the country's invaded western areas, obliging their re-establishment e of the Ural Mountains. Until then the Red Regular army was often required to improvise or go without weapons, vehicles, and other equipment. The 1941 decision to physically move their manufacturing capacity east of the Ural mountains kept the main Soviet support system out of High german reach.[67] In the later stages of the state of war, the Ruddy Regular army fielded some excellent weaponry, specially artillery and tanks. The Carmine Regular army's heavy KV-one and medium T-34 tanks outclassed virtually Wehrmacht armor,[68] but in 1941 most Soviet tank units used older and inferior models.[69]

Assistants [edit]

Armed services administration after the October Revolution was taken over by the People'southward Commissariat of War and Marine affairs headed past a collective commission of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Pavel Dybenko, and Nikolai Krylenko. At the aforementioned fourth dimension, Nikolay Dukhonin was acting as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief later on Alexander Kerensky fled from Russia. On 12 Nov 1917 the Soviet government appointed Krylenko as the Supreme Commander-in-Primary, and because of an "accident" during the forceful deportation of the commander-in-main, Dukhonin was killed on 20 November 1917. Nikolai Podvoisky was appointed equally the Narkom of War Diplomacy, leaving Dybenko in charge of the Narkom of Marine Affairs and Ovseyenko – the expeditionary forces to the Southern Russian federation on 28 November 1917. The Bolsheviks also sent out their own representatives to replace front end commanders of the Russian Imperial Army.

After the signing of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, a major reshuffling took place in the Soviet armed services administration. On 13 March 1918 the Soviet regime accepted the official resignation of Krylenko and the postal service of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was liquidated. On 14 March 1918 Leon Trotsky replaced Podvoisky every bit the Narkom of War Affairs. On 16 March 1918 Pavel Dybenko was relieved from the office of Narkom of Marine Affairs. On 8 May 1918 the All-Russian Chief Headquarters was created, headed by Nikolai Stogov and afterwards Alexander Svechin.

On two September 1918 the Revolutionary War machine Quango (RMC) was established every bit the main military administration nether Leon Trotsky, the Narkom of War Affairs. On 6 September 1918 alongside the master headquarters the Field Headquarters of RMC was created, initially headed by Nikolai Rattel. On the aforementioned day the role of the Commander-in-Chief of the War machine was created, and initially assigned to Jukums Vācietis (and from July 1919 to Sergey Kamenev). The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed services existed until Apr 1924, the end of Russian Civil War.

In November 1923, later on the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Diplomacy.

Organization [edit]

At the showtime of its being, the Reddish Ground forces functioned as a voluntary germination, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of 29 May 1918 imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to xl.[70] To service the massive typhoon, the Bolsheviks formed regional military commissariats (voyennyy komissariat, abbr. voyenkomat), which as of 2006 still be in Russia in this role and under this proper name. Military commissariats, however, should not exist confused with the institution of military political commissars.

In the mid-1920s the territorial principle of manning the Blood-red Army was introduced. In each region able-bodied men were called up for a express flow of active duty in territorial units, which constituted virtually half the regular army's forcefulness, each twelvemonth, for five years.[71] The first phone call-upward flow was for 3 months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925 this arrangement provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and ane of the 11 cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving ii-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the other cadre divisions, in 1937–1938.[72]

Mechanization [edit]

The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:[73]

Even in American terms the Soviet defence force budget was large. In 1940 information technology was the equivalent of $11,000,000,000, and represented i-third of the national expenditure. Measure this confronting the fact that the infinitely richer United states of america will guess the expenditure of that much yearly just in 1942 after ii years of its greatest defence effort.

Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Forcefulness went for machines of war. 20-three years ago when the Bolshevik Revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized order. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labour until everyone would have everything he needed and would piece of work only as much equally he wished. Somehow this has non come about, but the Russians withal worship machines, and this helped brand the Red Army the about highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the High german Regular army at present.

Like Americans, the Russians adore size, enormousness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast ground forces of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every multifariousness of mechanical weapons.

Under Stalin'south campaign for mechanization, the army formed its kickoff mechanized unit in 1930. The 1st Mechanized Brigade consisted of a tank regiment, a motorized infantry regiment, as well as reconnaissance and artillery battalions.[74] From this apprehensive start, the Soviets would continue to create the offset operational-level armored formations in history, the 11th and 45th Mechanized Corps, in 1932. These were tank-heavy formations with gainsay support forces included and so they could survive while operating in enemy rear areas without back up from a parent forepart.

Impressed by the German language campaign of 1940 confronting France, the Soviet People's Commissariat of Defence (Defense Ministry, Russian abbreviation NKO) ordered the creation of nine mechanized corps on vi July 1940. Between February and March 1941 the NKO ordered another xx to be created. All of these formations were larger than those theorized by Tukhachevsky. Even though the Carmine Ground forces'south 29 mechanized corps had an authorized strength of no less than 29,899 tanks by 1941, they proved to be a paper tiger.[75] There were actually just 17,000 tanks available at the time, meaning several of the new mechanized corps were badly under force. The pressure placed on factories and military planners to show production numbers also led to a situation where the majority of armored vehicles were obsolescent models, critically lacking in spare parts and support equipment, and nearly three-quarters were overdue for major maintenance.[76] Past 22 June 1941 in that location were only 1,475 of the modern T-34s and KV serial tanks bachelor to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide plenty mass for even local success.[75] To illustrate this, the third Mechanized Corps in Lithuania was formed up of a total of 460 tanks; 109 of these were newer KV-1s and T-34s. This corps would prove to be ane of the lucky few with a substantial number of newer tanks. However, the 4th Army was equanimous of 520 tanks, all of which were the obsolete T-26, as opposed to the authorized strength of i,031 newer medium tanks.[77] This problem was universal throughout the Red Ground forces, and would play a crucial role in the initial defeats of the Red Ground forces in 1941 at the hands of the German armed services.[78]

Wartime [edit]

The Boxing of Stalingrad is considered by many historians every bit a decisive turning point of Globe War Ii.

War experience prompted changes to the way frontline forces were organised. After six months of combat against the Germans, the Stavka abolished the rifle corps which was intermediate between the army and division level because, while useful in theory, in the state of the Crimson Regular army in 1941, they proved ineffective in practice.[79] Following the decisive victory in the Boxing of Moscow in January 1942, the loftier command began to reintroduce rifle corps into its more experienced formations. The total number of rifle corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six past 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by Feb 1943, and 161 by New year's day'due south Day 1944. Actual strengths of front-line rifle divisions, authorised to comprise 11,000 men in July 1941, were more often than not no more than 50% of establishment strengths during 1941,[eighty] and divisions were often worn downwardly, considering of continuous operations, to hundreds of men or even less.

On the outbreak of war, the Cherry-red Ground forces deployed mechanised corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The initial German assault destroyed many and, in the class of 1941, virtually all of them,(barring two in the Transbaikal War machine District). The remnants were disbanded.[81] Information technology was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and split up tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was belatedly 1942 and early 1943 before larger tank formations of corps size were fielded to utilize armour in mass again. By mid-1943, these corps were being grouped together into tank armies whose strength by the stop of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

Personnel [edit]

The Bolshevik government assigned to every unit of the Red Ground forces a political commissar, or politruk, who had the authority to override unit commanders' decisions if they ran counter to the principles of the Communist Party. Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command according to most historians[ who? ], the Party leadership considered political control over the military absolutely necessary, as the regular army relied more and more on officers from the pre-revolutionary Imperial period and understandably feared a military coup. This arrangement was abolished in 1925, equally in that location were by that fourth dimension enough trained Communist officers to return the counter-signing unnecessary.[82]

Ranks and titles [edit]

The early on Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional officeholder corps as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word officer and used the give-and-take commander instead. The Red Ground forces abased epaulettes and ranks, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles.[ten] Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds").

In 1924 (2 Oct) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, ground forces commander, war machine district commander, regular army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia over again consisted of triangles, squares and rhombuses, but likewise rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

On 22 September 1935 the Ruby-red Army abandoned service categories[ description needed ] and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For instance, the ranks included "Lieutenant" and "Comdiv" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (eastward.g., "brigade commissar", "army commissar 2nd rank"), for technical corps (east.k., "engineer 3rd rank," "partitioning engineer"), and for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches.

The Marshal of the Soviet Union (Маршал Советского Союза) rank was introduced on 22 September 1935. On 7 May 1940 farther modifications to rationalise the system of ranks were made on the proposal by Marshal Voroshilov: the ranks of "General" and "Admiral" replaced the senior functional ranks of Combrig, Comdiv, Comcor, Comandarm in the Red Army and Flagman[ disambiguation needed ] 1st rank etc. in the Red Navy; the other senior functional ranks ("division commissar," "division engineer," etc.) remained unaffected. The arm or service distinctions remained (east.1000. general of cavalry, align of armoured troops).[83] [ page needed ] For the about role the new system restored that used by the Imperial Russian Army at the decision of its participation in World State of war I.

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolitionism of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of epaulettes, which superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same organisation.

Military instruction [edit]

Kursants (cadets) of the Red Army Artillery School in Chuhuyiv, Ukraine, 1933

During the Civil State of war the commander cadres were trained at the Nicholas General Staff Academy of the Russian Empire, which became the Frunze Armed forces University in the 1920s. Senior and supreme commanders were trained at the Higher Military Academic Courses, renamed the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command in 1925. The 1931 institution of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. The General staff University was reinstated on two April 1936, and became the chief military machine schoolhouse for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army.[84]

Purges [edit]

The tardily 1930s saw purges of the Red Regular army leadership which occurred concurrently with Stalin'south Great Purge of Soviet gild. In 1936 and 1937, at the orders of Stalin, thousands of Red Army senior officers were dismissed from their commands. The purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Regular army of the "politically unreliable elements," mainly among higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for the settling of personal vendettas or to eliminate competition past officers seeking the aforementioned command. Many army, corps, and divisional commanders were sacked: about were imprisoned or sent to labor camps; others were executed. Amid the victims was the Red Ground forces's primary military theorist, Align Mikhail Tukhachevsky, who was perceived by Stalin as a potential political rival.[85] Officers who remained presently establish all of their decisions being closely examined by political officers, even in mundane matters such as tape-keeping and field training exercises.[86] An atmosphere of fear and unwillingness to have the initiative soon pervaded the Red Army; suicide rates among junior officers rose to record levels.[86] The purges significantly impaired the combat capabilities of the Ruby Army. Hoyt concludes "the Soviet defense force system was damaged to the point of incompetence" and stresses "the fright in which high officers lived."[87] Clark says, "Stalin not only cutting the eye out of the army, he also gave it brain damage."[88] Lewin identifies three serious results: the loss of experienced and well-trained senior officers; the distrust it acquired amid potential allies especially France; and the encouragement it gave Germany.[89] [90]

Recently declassified data bespeak that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Ground forces had 114,300 officers, of whom xi,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further six,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Regular army the Purges removed iii of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, eight of 9 admirals, fifty of 57 regular army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all xvi army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.[91]

The result was that the Red Ground forces officeholder corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had ii years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost lxxx% of rifle partitioning commanders, merely xx% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer ground forces and military district commanders, had the aforementioned level of experience. [92]

The significant growth of the Red Army during the high point of the purges may have worsened matters. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 1000000, increasing to virtually three times that number by June 1941. The rapid growth of the ground forces necessitated in turn the rapid promotion of officers regardless of feel or preparation.[86] Junior officers were appointed to fill up the ranks of the senior leadership, many of whom lacked broad experience.[86] This activeness in turn resulted in many openings at the lower level of the officer corps, which were filled by new graduates from the service academies. In 1937, the entire junior course of one academy was graduated a twelvemonth early to fill vacancies in the Red Army.[86] Hamstrung by inexperience and fear of reprisals, many of these new officers failed to impress the large numbers of incoming draftees to the ranks; complaints of insubordination rose to the top of offenses punished in 1941,[86] and may take exacerbated instances of Reddish Army soldiers deserting their units during the initial phases of the German offensive of that twelvemonth.[86]

The unofficial Ruddy Army flag, since the Soviet ground forces never had an official flag[93]

By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty.[86] However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the Winter War of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and after during the German invasion of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.[94]

Soldier crimes [edit]

In Lithuania, Red Army personnel robbed local shops.[95] Rape of women was common in Klaipėda and Šilutė, regardless of their nationality, age, or physical condition. On some occasions the soldiers raped teenage girls in forepart of their parents. Post-obit the fall of East Prussia, Soviet soldiers too carried out large-scale rapes in Frg, particularly noted in Berlin until the commencement of May 1945.[96] [97] They were often committed by rear echelon units.[98]

[99]

Weapons and equipment [edit]

The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous artillery industry as role of Stalin's industrialisation plan in the 1920s and 1930s.[100]

Encounter likewise [edit]

  • German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
  • Soviet war crimes
  • Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
  • K School
  • Signal Corps Administration (Red Ground forces)
  • Units
    • Military units and formations of the Soviet Marriage by size
    • Military units and formations of the Soviet Union in World War Two
    • Military districts of the Soviet Union
    • Soviet fronts
    • Field armies of the Soviet Union
    • Regular army corps of the Soviet Spousal relationship

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия (РККА) , tr. Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya (RKKA) , IPA: [rɐˈbot͡ɕɪ krʲɪsʲˈtʲjanskəjə ˈkrasnəjə ˈarmʲɪjə])
  2. ^ Russian: Красная армия (КА) , tr. Krasnaya armiya , IPA: [ˈkrasnəjə ˈarmʲɪjə]
  3. ^ xv January 1918 (Old Fashion).
  4. ^ eight February became "Soviet Army Day", a national holiday in the USSR.
  5. ^ The names "Soviet–Finnish State of war 1939–1940" (Russian: Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) and "Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940" (Russian: Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940) are often used in Russian historiography.[36] [37] [38] [39]
  6. ^ The Centrality forces possessed a ane:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.i:1 ratio.[52]

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, "Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution", Nerveless Works, vol. 24, Marx 2 Mao, pp. 55–91, retrieved 29 May 2010 .
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  5. ^ Seventeen Moments, Soviet History, archived from the original on 27 December 2013 .
  6. ^ Siegelbaum, Lewis. "1917: Red Guard into Regular army". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. The Red Regular army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay simply more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.
  7. ^ Shaw 1979, pp. 86–87.
  8. ^ Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail (1966), From Tsarist General to Ruby-red Army Commander, Vezey, Vladimir transl, Progress Publishers, p. 232 .
  9. ^ Russian Center of Vexillology and Heraldry. "символы Красной Армии". www.vexillographia.ru. Vexillographia. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
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  24. ^ Daniels, Robert 5 (1993), A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev, UPNE, p. lxx, ISBN978-0-87451-616-6, The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution amongst Blood-red Regular army soldiers and commanders.
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  31. ^ Compare: "Russian Civil War". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. p. 1655. ISBN9781593394929 . Retrieved ii January 2018. The last White stronghold in the Crimea under PYOTR WRANGEL, Denikin'southward successor, was defeated in Nov 1920 [...].
  32. ^ Erickson 1962, p. 167.
  33. ^ Habeck, Mary R (2003), Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Frg and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939, Cornell Academy Press, ISBN0-8014-4074-2 .
  34. ^ Compare: Lauchbaum, R. Kent (2015). Synchronizing Airpower And Firepower in the Deep Battle. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN9781786256034 . Retrieved two January 2018. Marshal Mikhail Due north. Tukhachevski stated that aerial warfare should exist 'employed against targets beyond the range of infantry, arms, and other arms. For maximum tactical issue aircraft should be employed in mass, concentrated in time and infinite, against targets of the highest tactical importance.'
  35. ^ Lin, Hsiao-ting (2010), Mod People's republic of china's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journeying to the West, p. 58 .
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  37. ^ Ковалев, Эрик (2006). Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов (in Russian). Военная Литература. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  38. ^ М. Коломиец (2001). Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940 [Фронтовая иллюстрация] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved three November 2009.
  39. ^ Александр Широкорад (2001). Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. [Предыстория Зимней войны] (in Russian). Военная Литература. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  40. ^ "Expulsion of the U.S.S.R." League of Nations. 14 December 1939. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  41. ^ Bullock (1993). p. 489.
  42. ^ Glanz (1998). p. 58.
  43. ^ a b Ries (1988)
  44. ^ a b Edwards 2006 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFEdwards2006 (assistance).
  45. ^ Hitler, Adolf (1943), Mein Kampf, Boston, p. 654 , cited in Shirer, William Fifty (1962), The Ascension and Fall of the Tertiary Reich, London: The Reprint Gild, p. 796 .
  46. ^ "Was the Russian Military a Steamroller? From Earth War II to Today". War on the Rocks. 6 July 2016. Retrieved ten April 2019.
  47. ^ Glantz Business firm, David Jonathan (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Crimson Army Stopped Hitler. academy press of Kansas. pp. 301 Table C. Comparative Strengths of Gainsay Forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945. ISBN0700608990.
  48. ^ Glantz 1998, p. fifteen.
  49. ^ Jackson, Patrick (21 June 2011). "Barbarossa Hitler Stalin: War warnings Stalin ignored". BBC News . Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  50. ^ John Hughes-Wilson (2012). Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups 2nd ed. Little, Brown. p. 31. ISBN9781472103840.
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  54. ^ Glantz 2005, p. 181.
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  57. ^ Tolstoy 1981: 'Stalin'due south Directive 227, near the Nazi employ of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.'
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  71. ^ Scott & Scott 1979, p. 12.
  72. ^ Glantz 2005, p. 717 note 5.
  73. ^ Knickerbocker, HR (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Flesh. Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 93. ISBN9781417992775.
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  75. ^ a b House 1984, p. 96.
  76. ^ Zaloga 1984, p. 126. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFZaloga1984 (help)
  77. ^ Glantz, p. 35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGlantz (help)
  78. ^ Glantz 1998, p. 117.
  79. ^ Glantz 2005, p. 179.
  80. ^ Glantz 2005, p. 189.
  81. ^ Glantz 2005, p. 217–30.
  82. ^ Scott & Scott 1979, p. 13.
  83. ^ Erickson 1962.
  84. ^ Schofield 1991, pp. 67–70.
  85. ^ Rappaport, Helen (1 Jan 1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN9781576070840.
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Bibliography [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Red Army Newsreels // Net-Moving picture Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

suggsbeffing.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army

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